Ultra-Orthodox Jewry in Eretz Israel during the British Mandate and Today

Born in 1905 in Frankfurt to family belonging to separate orthodox community. Studied in school using methodology of Hirsch, where only religious Jewish teachers and non-Jewish teachers allowed to teach in school; very few religious subjects taught. Attended yeshiva of Rabbi Breuer, founded, to offer more religious study. Yeshiva attracted highly motivated students from Poland and Hungary. German Jews felt inferior to Eastern European Jews in depths of religious learning. Separate orthodox community suspicious of Agudat Israel's politicization. Funding Ezra youth movement. Separate activities for boys and girls but leadership mixed. Began as part of Agudat Israel then became independent organization. Activities of religious students in organization. Debate within organization on whether to become Zionist organization educating youth towards aliyah and Eretz Israel.