"All Israel have a share in the world to come" – except for whom?

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כותר "All Israel have a share in the world to come" – except for whom? : The criteria for selecting the exceptions in the Mishnah and the Tosefta.
מתוך Hebrew Union College Annual 95 (2025) 1-38
תקציר/הערה The final section of the Mishnah in tractate Sanhedrin deals with the four forms of capital punishment meted out by the religious court (bet din). As part of the discussion on the four forms of capital punishment, prior to the list of those who are strangled and the list’s details, the Mishnah inserts a discussion about groups and individuals who have no portion in the World to Come, naming three kings and four commoners, as well as generations of sinners mentioned in the Bible: the generation of the Flood, the people of Sodom, the generation in the Wilderness, Korah and his assembly, and the Ten Tribes. A number of questions arise from the positioning of this unit, its midrashic nature, the characteristics of the groups and individuals mentioned, and the significance of the eschatological punishment. In this aricle, I will present the questions concerning the positioning of the “Portion” chapter within the corpus whose main aim is to lay out behavioral foundations for leading a religious life. I will examine how identifying the layers of redaction enables us to understand the pattern in this unit. I will suggest that identifying the polemical aspects of the unit is the key to understanding it. The second part of the article focuses on the list of people who are rejected from the World to Come. I will examine the common denominator linking all members of this list, and I will propose focusing on them and not on the biblical sinners and the sinners in other generations. I will also compare and contrast the list of the banished ones in the Mishnah with the list in the Tosefta. The final part of the article will propose an explanation for the gap that led to the formation of two different lists in each source.
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