Onychopoda
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- Work cat.: Rivier, I.K. The predatory Cladocera (Onychopoda:Podonidae, Polyphemidae, Cercopagidae) and Leptodorida of the world, 1998:p. 16 (the families Podonidae, Polyphemidae, and Cercopagidae combine to form the Order Onychopoda, superfamily Polyphemoidea (or the order Polyphemiformes))
- NCBI taxonomy browser, via WWW, Jan. 5, 2005(Onychopoda. Rank: infraorder. Suborder Cladocera)
- ITIS, Jan. 5, 2005(Infraorder Onychopoda, Suborder Cladocera)
- Duigan, C. Cladocera : a short course, via WWW, Jan. 5, 2005:taxonomy (The Cladocera are a former order of the branchiopod Crustacea. The members of this order had an extremely heterogeneous range of features and diverse evolutionary affinities and it has recently undergone a number of taxonomic revisions. The Cladocera have been split into four orders Anomopoda, Ctenopoda, Onychopoda and Haplopoda. More recently the anomopod families Macrothricidae and Chydoridae have been reclassified with the creation of a new suborder, the Radopoda. However, the name "Cladocera" remains a useful descriptive term to embrace representatives of the four orders.)
- Green, G. Water fleas, via WWW, Jan. 5, 2005(Cladocerans are small crustaceans belonging to the orders Anomopoda, Ctenopoda, Onychopoda or Haplopoda)
- Simpson, G. TheWaterFlea, the cladoceran web site, Jan. 5, 2005:Cladocera (Cladocera are one "group" within the class Branchiopoda. Recent molecular evidence indicates that the cladocera are actually a monophyletic group and have been reorganised into the single order Cladocera Latreille, 1829, and the four old orders have been used as suborders. The four suborders of the order Cladocera are Anomopoda, Ctenopoda, Onychopoda and Haplopoda)
Wikipedia description:
Onychopoda, from Ancient Greek ὄνυχος (ónukhos), meaning "claw", and πούς poús, meaning "foot", are a specialised order of branchiopod crustaceans, belonging to the superorder Cladocera. The order Onychopoda is "one of the most morphologically distinctive groups of cladocerans". They have only four pairs of legs, compared to five or six pairs in Ctenopoda and Anomopoda. Unusually among branchiopod crustaceans, Onychopoda share with Haplopoda the presence of segmented appendages, which are used for grasping prey. Most species of Onychopoda live in the waters of the Ponto-Caspian basin (Caspian Sea, Aral Sea, Black Sea including Sea of Azov), in remnants of the ancient Paratethys ocean. Some other species live in fresh water or in the oceans, where they can be widespread. The Onychopoda have accidentally been introduced to areas outside of their native range. There are three families, containing 10 genera and around 33 described species, most of which are endemic to the Ponto-Caspian basin: Cercopagididae Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1968 – 2 genera (Cercopagis and Bythotrephes), 14 species; Black Sea & Caspian Sea Podonidae Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1968 – 7 genera, 17 species; Pont-Caspian (Caspievadne, Cornigerius and Podonevadne) and marine (Evadne, Pleopis, Podon and Pseudevadne) Polyphemidae Baird, 1845 – 1 genus (Polyphemus), 2 species; fresh water The embryos are protected by a brood pouch, which also secretes nutrients to aid their development. This may be related to the colonisation of the oceans, since the only other marine cladoceran, Penilia avirostris, has a similar pouch as a result of convergent evolution.
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