Sterilization (Birth control)

Sterilization (also spelled sterilisation) is any of several medical methods of permanent birth control that intentionally leaves a person unable to reproduce. Sterilization methods are available for both males and females. Although a non-surgical option for females ("Essure") was available until 2019, it is no longer an option. Sterilization procedures are intended to be permanent; reversal is generally difficult. There are multiple ways of having sterilization done. The two that are used most frequently are salpingectomy or tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for men. There are many different ways tubal sterilization can be accomplished. It is highly effective, like use of an IUD or arm implant, and in the United States, surgical complications are low. With that being said, tubal ligation is still a method that involves surgery, so there is still a danger. Women who choose tubal ligation have a higher risk of serious side effects than men who have a vasectomy. Pregnancies after tubal ligation can still occur, even many years after the procedure. Some recent studies have estimated that 3% of women become pregnant after tubal ligation. It is not very likely, but if it does happen, there is a high risk of ectopic gestation. Tubal sterilization surgeries can be performed during a Cesarean section or shortly after a vaginal delivery mostly by mini-laparotomy. In some cases, sterilization can be reversed, but this can not be guaranteed. If a person might want to become pregnant in the future, they are advised not to have this surgery. Sterilization procedures can be undertaken voluntarily or promoted by governments. The legal framework surrounding sterilizations varies significantly between countries. In some cases, governments have historically or presently implemented compulsory or incentivized sterilization programs. On the other hand, certain nations have enacted laws that restrict or prohibit the practice.