Afonso III, King of Portugal, 1210-1279

Afonso III (Afonso Afonso; 5 May 1210 – 16 February 1279), called the Boulonnais (Portuguese: o Bolonhês), was King of Portugal and the first to use the title King of Portugal and the Algarve, from 1249. He was the second son of King Afonso II of Portugal and Urraca of Castile; he succeeded his brother, King Sancho II of Portugal, who died on 4 January 1248. His reign saw the final completion of the Portuguese Reconquista with the conquest of the Algarve in 1249, establishing the modern continental borders of Portugal. Afonso III also played a pivotal role in the institutional development of the kingdom; in 1254, he convened the Cortes of Leiria, the first Portuguese parliament to include representatives from the common towns alongside the nobility and clergy. Additionally, he transferred the royal seat to Lisbon and implemented administrative reforms that restricted the growing economic power of the Catholic Church, which ultimately led to his excommunication by Pope Gregory X.