Autobiographical interviews of Jews born in German speaking countries ("Yekkes") - 50/60 years after their immigration to Israel

Born 05/21/1909, Breslau. Study of Law, first state exam in 1932. Ph.D. Time under articles was broken off involuntarily in 1933. Worked as a shorthand secretary . Hachsharah. 1937-38 leader of the Youth Aliya first for Germany then for Austria and Czechoslovakia. Emigration: 12/31/1938. Activities: Kibbutz, foundation of a new Kibbutz. After leaving the Kibbutz work in a laundry, cleaning lady. Mother of the house in a boarding school. Shorthand secretary in the British Army. Secretary to the Deputy Controller of Light Industries under the Mandate Israeli legal examination for foreign lowyers. Trainee with a lawyer. Assistent to juridical advisors in the Ministry. Juridical advisor to the Ministery. Interview: about the hebreaisation of her name. Language within the family: German. Attitude towards the Kibbutz movement: she started in a Kibbutz and is close to that circle. Holds conferences in German for the German old people's home. Breslau: non-religious parental home, did not visit the synagogue, high percentage of assimilated Jews in her high school. Circle of friends: mixed, also Christian girlfriends remained friends during the Nazi regime. University: Law in Breslau, Heidelberg, Berlin. First state exam in 1932. During her time under articles the difficulties began. She was excluded from court in 1933. The economic situation of the family was a catastrophe. Different jobs and the realization that they had to leave Germany. Zionist movement and wish to ; emigrate. Leader of a youth group. 1935 Hachshara with Harmann and Director of a home for young people in Hindenbrueck/ Upper Silesia until the group emigrated. Kibbutz. Was sent on Hachshara to Gutwinkel. Work in Gutwinkel. 1937 leadership of the Youth Aliya and co-work with Mrs. Michaelis-Stern. Episode about the appearance of a Palestinian from the Jewish Agency during the Reichskristallnacht who later in 1949 was an Israeli Minister. After the Kristallnacht she helped people from Vienna and Prague to emigrate and emigrated herself. Parents: died because she could not get a certificate for them. Brother: went to England. She could not marry her husband until after the emigration because he was stateless. Husband: dentist from Koenigsberg. In-laws in Jerusalem. Before she met her husband she had a Christian boyfriend who was very right wing orientated. Her husband was the leader of Ha-Chaluz and organized Hachshara camps abroad. After Kristallnacht: London, her activities there, Palestine. First impressions after immigration. Wedding. Life in the Kibbutz and foundation of a new Kibbutz. Work in the Kibbutz. Left the Kibbutz without her husband because she could not live that way. Jerusalem, various jobs. Her husband left the Kibbutz for her and opened a clinic by the Dead Sea. English Studies and her job with the English Army. Further professional career. Explosion of a bomb in Ben Yehuda street. About her parents in law. Foundation of the state of Israel. Exam in 1949 ; and work as a trainee. Ph.D. Sees herself as career woman. Further career and daily work. 1953 birth of her daughter. 1956 assassination of her husband by Arabs. Return to Germany, Bonn, Berlin but returned to Israel. Contacts with Germany. Reasons for her return to Israel. After the return she worked again and had to take care of her child, which was very difficult. Thinks that she could have become a judge, but that she was not strong enough. Circle of friends: very interesting but reducing itself. About Germany during the Gulf War. About her Judaism. German Judaism. About the German language and what it means to her. Her social surroundings. Her daughter's knowledge of German.